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Shallow, negatively-charged Nitrogen-Vacancy centers (NV-) in diamond havebeen proposed for high-sensitivity magnetometry and spin-polarization transferapplications. However, surface effects tend to favor and stabilize the lessuseful neutral form, the NV0 centers. Here, we report the effects of greenlaser irradiation on ensembles of nanometer-shallow NV centers in flat andnanostructured diamond surfaces as a function of laser power in a range notpreviously explored (up to 150 mW/{\mu}m2). Raman spectroscopy,optically-detected-magnetic-resonance (ODMR) and charge-photoconversionfluorescence detection are applied to characterize the properties and dynamicsof NV- and NV0 centers. We demonstrate that high laser power strongly promotesphotoconversion of NV0 to NV- centers. Surprisingly, the excess NV- populationis stable over a time scale of one hundred milliseconds after switching off thelaser, resulting in long-lived enrichment of shallow NV-. The beneficial effectof photoconversion is less marked in nanostructured samples. Our results areimportant to inform the design of samples and experimental procedures forapplications relying on ensembles of shallow NV- centers in diamond.

Photoconversion of shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers in flat and nanostructured diamond under high-power laser irradiation