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Distributed energy resource (DER) frequency regulations are promisingtechnologies for future grid operation. Unlike conventional generators, DERsmight require open communication networks to exchange signals with controlcenters, possibly through DER aggregators; therefore, the impacts of thecommunication variations on the system stability need to be investigated. Thispaper develops a cyber-physical dynamic simulation model based on theHierarchical Engine for Large-Scale Co-Simulation (HELICS) to evaluate theimpact of the communication variations, such as delays in DER frequencyregulations. The feasible delay range can be obtained under different parametersettings. The results show that the risk of instability generally increaseswith the communication delay.

Impact of DER Communication Delay in AGC: Cyber-Physical Dynamic Simulation