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Free-electron lasers (FELs) have been designed to operate over virtually theentire electromagnetic spectrum from microwaves through x-rays and in a varietyof configurations including amplifiers and oscillators. Oscillators can operatein both the low and high gain regime and are typically used to improve thespatial and temporal coherence of the light generated. We will discuss variousFEL oscillators ranging from systems with high-quality resonators combined withlow-gain undulators to systems with a low-quality resonator combined with ahigh-gain undulator line. The FEL gain code MINERVA and wavefront propagationcode OPC are used to model the FEL interaction within the undulator and thepropagation in the remainder of the oscillator, respectively. We will not onlyinclude experimental data for the various systems for comparison whenavailable, but also present for selected cases how the two codes can be used tostudy the effect of mirror aberrations and thermal mirror deformation on FELperformance.

Three-dimensional, time-dependent analysis of high- and low-Q free-electron laser oscillators