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Turbulence and large-scale waves in the tropical region are studied using thespherical shallow water equations. With mesoscale vorticity forcing, both moistand dry systems show kinetic energy scaling that is dominated by rotationalmodes, has a -5/3 exponent. At larger planetary scales, the divergent componentof the energy increases and we see a footprint of tropical waves. The drysystem shows a signature of the entire family of equatorial waves, while themoist simulations only show low frequency Rossby, Kelvin and mixed Rossbygravity waves with an equivalent depth that matches rapid condensationestimates. Further, runs with interactive moisture exhibit spontaneousaggregation with the equilibrium moist energy spectrum obeying a -2 power-law.Synoptic scale moisture anomalies form in heterogeneous background saturation,and are sustained by advection and convergence, within rotational gyres thatdominate the tropical region. In that case, along with equatorial waves andturbulence, a large-scale eastward moving moisture wave appears in themidlatitudes. In all simulations with upscale energy transfer, a systematicequatorial zonal mean zonal flow develops which is easterly and westerly forthe dry and moist ensembles, respectively.The interaction of this zonal meanflow with a spatially heterogeneous saturation field results in the formationof a moist stationary tropical wave. The super-rotating flow is driven byrotational eddy momentum fluxes due to enhanced equatorial Rossby wave activityin the moist runs. The nature of eddies is such that the tropical circulationin the dry and moist cases tends to homogenize and exaggerate potentialvorticity gradients, respectively. These experiments demonstrate theco-existence of tropical waves and turbulence, and highlight the fact that thevortical and divergent wind are inextricably linked with the evolving moisturefield.

Turbulence and equatorial waves in moist and dry shallow water systems