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Brain stimulation is a core method in neuroscience. Numerous non-invasivebrain stimulation (NIBS) techniques are currently in use in basic and clinicalresearch, and recent advances promise the ability to non-invasively access deepbrain structures. While encouraging, there is a surprising gap in ourunderstanding of precisely how NIBS perturbs neural activity throughout aninterconnected network, and how such perturbed neural activity ultimately linksto behaviour. In this review, we will consider why non-human primate (NHP)models of NIBS are ideally situated to address this gap in knowledge, and willconsider why the oculomotor network that moves our line of sight offers aparticularly valuable platform in which to empirically test hypothesisregarding NIBS-induced changes in brain and behaviour. NHP models of NIBS willenable investigation of the complex, dynamic effects of brain stimulationacross multiple hierarchically interconnected brain areas, networks, andeffectors. By establishing such links between brain and behavioural output,work in NHPs can help optimize experimental and therapeutic approaches, improveNIBS efficacy, and reduce side-effects of NIBS.

Completing the puzzle: why studies in non-human primates are needed to better understand the effects of non-invasive brain stimulation