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Generating renewable energy on Mars is technologically challenging. Firstly,because compared to Earth, key energy resources such as solar and wind are weakas a result of very low atmospheric pressure and low solar irradiation.Secondly, because of the harsh environmental conditions, the required highdegree of automation and the exceptional effort and costs to transport materialto the planet. Like on Earth, it is crucial to combine complementary resourcesfor an effective renewable energy solution. In this work, we present the resultof a design synthesis exercise, a 10 kW microgrid solution, based on a pumpingkite power system and photovoltaic solar modules to power the construction aswell as the subsequent use of a Mars habitat. To buffer unavoidable energyfluctuations and balance seasonal and diurnal resource variations, the twoenergy systems are combined with a compressed gas storage system andlithium-sulfur batteries. The airborne wind energy solution was selectedbecause of its low weight-to-wing-surface-area ratio, compact packing volumeand high capacity factor which enables it to endure strong dust storms in anairborne parking mode. The surface area of the membrane wing is 50 m2 and themass of the entire system, including the kite control unit and ground station,is 290 kg. The performance of the microgrid is assessed by computationalsimulation using available resource data for a chosen deployment location onMars. The projected costs of the system are 8.95 million Euro, excludingtransportation to Mars.

Combined Airborne Wind and Photovoltaic Energy System for Martian Habitats