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In this paper, we investigate the optimal design of a wireless-powered covertcommunication (WP-CC) system, in which a probabilistic accumulate-then-transmit(ATT) protocol is proposed to maximize the communication covertness subject toa quality-of-service (QoS) requirement on communication. Specifically, in theconsidered WP-CC system, a full-duplex (FD) receiver transmits artificial noise(AN) to simultaneously charge an energy-constrained transmitter and to confusea warden's detection on the transmitter's communication activity. With theprobabilistic ATT protocol, the transmitter sends its information with a priorprobability, i.e., $p$, conditioned on the available energy being sufficient.Our analysis shows that the probabilistic ATT protocol can achieve highercovertness than the traditional ATT protocol with $p=1$. In order to facilitatethe optimal design of the WP-CC system, we also derive the warden's minimumdetection error probability and characterize the effective covert rate from thetransmitter to the receiver to quantify the communication covertness andquality, respectively. The derived analytical results facilitate the jointoptimization of the probability $p$ and the information transmit power. Wefurther present the optimal design of a cable-powered covert communication(CP-CC) system as a benchmark for comparison. Our simulation shows that theproposed probabilistic ATT protocol (with a varying $p$) can achieve thecovertness upper bound determined by the CP-CC system, while the traditionalATT protocol (with $p=1$) cannot, which again confirms the benefits brought bythe proposed probabilistic ATT in covert communications.

Probabilistic Accumulate-then-Transmit in Wireless-Powered Covert Communications