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Contact tracing is a very effective way to control the COVID-19-likepandemics. It aims to identify individuals who closely contacted an infectedperson during the incubation period of the virus and notify them to quarantine.However, the existing systems suffer from privacy, security, and efficiencyissues. To address these limitations, in this paper, we propose an efficientand privacy-preserving Blockchain-based infection control system. Instead ofdepending on a single authority to run the system, a group of healthauthorities, that form a consortium Blockchain, run our system. UsingBlockchain technology not only secures our system against single point offailure and denial of service attacks, but also brings transparency because alltransactions can be validated by different parties. Although contact tracing isimportant, it is not enough to effectively control an infection. Thus, unlikemost of the existing systems that focus only on contact tracing, our systemconsists of three integrated subsystems, including contact tracing, publicplaces access control, and safe-places recommendation. The access controlsubsystem prevents infected people from visiting public places to preventspreading the virus, and the recommendation subsystem categorizes zones basedon the infection level so that people can avoid visiting contaminated zones.Our analysis demonstrates that our system is secure and preserves the privacyof the users against identification, social graph disclosure, and trackingattacks, while thwarting false reporting (or panic) attacks. Moreover, ourextensive performance evaluations demonstrate the scalability of our system(which is desirable in pandemics) due to its low communication, computation,and storage overheads.

Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Infection Control System for Covid-19-Like Pandemics using Blockchain