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Propelled by the omnipresence of versatile data capture, communication, andcomputing technologies, physical sensing has revolutionized the avenue fordecisively interpreting the real world. However, various limitations hinderphysical sensing's effectiveness in critical scenarios such as disasterresponse and urban anomaly detection. Meanwhile, social sensing is contrivingas a pervasive sensing paradigm leveraging observations from human participantsequipped with portable devices and ubiquitous Internet connectivity to perceivethe environment. Despite its virtues, social sensing also inherently suffersfrom a few drawbacks (e.g., inconsistent reliability and uncertain dataprovenance). Motivated by the complementary strengths of the two sensing modes,social-physical sensing (SPS) is protruding as an emerging sensing paradigmthat explores the collective intelligence of humans and machines to reconstructthe "state of the world", both physically and socially. While a good number ofinteresting SPS applications have been studied, several critical unsolvedchallenges still exist in SPS. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive surveyof SPS, emphasizing its definition, key enablers, state-of-the-artapplications, potential research challenges, and roadmap for future work. Thispaper intends to bridge the knowledge gap of existing sensing-focused surveypapers by thoroughly examining the various aspects of SPS crucial for buildingpotent SPS systems.

A Survey on Social-Physical Sensing: An Emerging Sensing Paradigm that Explores the Collective Intelligence of Humans and Machine