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In past work, we developed a computational model of the evolution ofsymbiotic entities (Model-S), based on Conway's Game of Life. In this article,we examine three trends that biologists have observed in the evolution ofsymbiotes. (1) Management: If one partner is able to control the symbioticrelation, this control can reduce conflict; thus, evolutionary selectionfavours symbiotes that have a manager. (2) Mutualism: Although partners in asymbiote often have conflicting needs, evolutionary selection favours symbiotesin which partners are better off together inside the symbiote than they wouldbe as individuals outside of the symbiote. (3) Interaction: Repeatedinteraction among partners in symbiosis tends to promote increasing fitness dueto evolutionary selection. We have added new components to Model-S that allowus to observe these three trends in runs of Model-S. The new components areanalogous to the practice of staining cells in biology research, to revealpatterns that are not usually visible. When we measure the fitness of asymbiote by making it compete with other symbiotes, we find that fittersymbiotes have significantly more management, mutualism, and interaction thanless fit symbiotes. These results confirm the trends observed in nature bybiologists. Model-S allows biologists to study these evolutionary trends andother characteristics of symbiosis in ways that are not tractable with livingorganisms.

Evolution of Symbiosis in the Game of Life: Three Characteristics of Successful Symbiotes