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Agrivoltaics (AV) is an emerging technology having symbiotic benefits forfood-energy-water needs of the growing world population and an inherentresilience against climate vulnerabilities. An agrivoltaic system must optimizesunlight-sharing between the solar panels and crops to maximize the food-energyyields, subject to appropriate constraints. Given the emerging diversity ofmonofacial and bifacial farms, the lack of a standardized crop-specific metric(to evaluate the efficacy of the irradiance sharing) has made it difficult tooptimize and assess the performance of agrivoltaic systems. Here we introduce anew metric, light productivity factor (LPF), that evaluates the effectivenessof irradiance sharing for a given crop type and PV array design. The metricallows us to identify optimal design parameters including the spatial PV arraydensity, panel orientation, and single axis tracking schemes specific to thePAR needs of the crop. By definition, LPF equals 1 for PV-only or crop-onlysystems. The AV systems enhances LPF between 1 and 2 depending on the shadesensitivity of the crop, PV array configuration, and the season. Whiletraditional fixed-tilt systems increase LPF significantly above 1, we find LPFis maximized at 2 for shade-tolerant crops with a solar farm based on singleaxis sun tracking scheme. Among the fixed tilt systems, East-West facedbifacial vertical solar farms is particularly promising because it producessmallest variability in the seasonal yield for shade sensitive crops, whileproviding LPF comparable to the standard North-South faced solar farms.Additional benefits include reduced soiling and ease of movement of large-scalecombine-harvester and other farming equipment.

Crop-specific Optimization of Bifacial PV Arrays for Agrivoltaic Food-Energy Production: The Light-Productivity-Factor Approach