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We propose two-dimensional organic poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) carbon nitridemicroparticles as light-driven microswimmers in various ionic and biologicalmedia. Their demonstrated high-speed (15-23 $\mu$m/s) swimming inmulti-component ionic solutions with concentrations up to 1 M and withoutdedicated fuels is unprecedented, overcoming one of the bottlenecks of previouslight-driven microswimmers. Such high ion tolerance is attributed to afavorable interplay between the particle's textural and structural nanoporosityand optoionic properties, facilitating ionic interactions in solutions withhigh salinity. Biocompatibility of the microswimmers is validated by cellviability tests with three different cell types and primary cells. Thenanopores of the swimmers are loaded with a model cancer drug, doxorubicin(DOX), in high (185%) loading efficiency without passive release. Controlleddrug release is reported in different pH conditions and can be triggeredon-demand also by illumination. Light-triggered, boosted release of DOX and itsactive degradation products is demonstrated in oxygen-poor conditions using theintrinsic, environmentally sensitive and light-induced charge storageproperties of PHI, which could enable future theranostic applications inoxygen-deprived tumor regions. These organic PHI microswimmers simultaneouslysolve the current light-driven microswimmer challenges of high ion tolerance,fuel-free high-speed propulsion in biological media, biocompatibility andcontrolled on-demand cargo release towards their biomedical, environmental andother potential future applications.

Biocompatible carbon nitride-based light-driven microswimmer propulsion in biological and ionic media with responsive on-demand drug delivery