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This paper illustrates how multilevel functional models can detect andcharacterize biomechanical changes along different sport training sessions. Ouranalysis focuses on the relevant cases to identify differences in kneebiomechanics in recreational runners during low and high-intensity exercisesessions with the same energy expenditure by recording $20$ steps. To do so, wereview the existing literature of multilevel models, and then, we propose a newhypothesis test to look at the changes between different levels of themultilevel model as low and high-intensity training sessions. We also evaluatethe reliability of measures recorded in three-dimension knee angles from thefunctional intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) obtained from thedecomposition performed with the multilevel funcional model taking into account$20$ measures recorded in each test. The results show that there are nostatistically significant differences between the two modes of exercise.However, we have to be careful with the conclusions since, as we have shown,human gait-patterns are very individual and heterogeneous between groups ofathletes, and other alternatives to the p-value may be more appropriate todetect statistical differences in biomechanical changes in this context.

Are Multilevel functional models the next step in sports biomechanics  and wearable technology? A case study of Knee Biomechanics patterns in  typical training sessions of recreational runners