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In conventional diffraction theory, a subwavelength period is considered aprerequisite to achieve interesting resonance-assisted physical phenomena, suchas bound states in the continuum and diverse zero-order spectral responses with$100\%$ diffraction efficiency. Here, we present modified diffraction equationsthat provide mechanisms to control light diffraction beyond the subwavelengthlimit. We show that resonant diffraction phenomena are governed by thesuperposition of scattering processes, owing to higher Fourier harmoniccomponents. By appropriately engineering the Fourier harmonic components in thegrating parameters, unwanted diffraction orders can be suppressed. Moreover,bound states in the continuum and highly efficient zero-order spectralresponses can be achieved beyond the subwavelength limit. The concept ofengineering Fourier harmonic components in periodic modulations provides newmechanisms to overcome the diffraction limit.

Fourier-component engineering to control light diffraction beyond subwavelength limit