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In the Internet of Things (IoT), thousands of devices can be deployed toacquire data from the environment and provide service to several applicationsin different fields. In many cases, it is desirable that devices areself-sustainable in terms of energy. Therefore,the research community isexploring the possibility of employing battery-less devices, where the energyis derived solely from external and/or environmental sources, such as solarpanels. In this work, we propose an ns-3 model of a (super) capacitor, whichcan be used as the storage of the harvested energy in a battery-less IoTdevice, and add the support for the intermittent behavior of devices, turningoff/on according to their energy level. To exemplify the use of the model, weapply it to a LoRaWAN node, and compare the simulation outcomes with results inthe literature obtained with mathematical analysis, confirming the accuracy ofthe implementation. Then, we show the importance of analyzing the interactionbetween energy availability and communication performance, paving the way formore accurate and realistic simulations in the field. The implemented code ismade available as open source.

An ns-3 implementation of a battery-less node for energy-harvesting Internet of Things