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Transitive inference (TI) refers to social cognition that facilitates thediscernment of unknown relationships between individuals using knownrelationships. It is extensively reported that TI evolves in animals living ina large group because TI could assess relative rank without deducing all dyadicrelationships, which averts costly fights.The relationships in a large groupbecome so complex that social cognition may not be developed adequately tohandle such complexity. If all group members apply TI to all possible membersin the group, TI is supposed to require extremely highly developed cognitiveabilities especially in a large group. Instead of developing cognitiveabilities significantly, animals may apply simplified TI we call reference TIin this study as heuristic approaches. The reference TI allows members torecognize and remember social interactions only among a set of referencemembers rather than all potential members. Our study assumes that informationprocesses in the reference TI comprises 1) the number of reference membersbased on which individuals infer transitively, 2) the number of referencemembers shared by the same strategists, and 3) memory capacity. We examined howinformation processes evolve in a large group using evolutionary simulations inthe hawk-dove game. Information processes with almost any numbers of referencemembers could evolve in a large group as long as the numbers of sharedreference member are high because information from the others' experiences isshared. TI dominates immediate inference, which assesses relative rank ondirect interactions, because TI could establish social hierarchy more rapidlyapplying information from others' experiences.

Heuristics facilitates the evolution of transitive inference and social hierarchy in a large group