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Side-channel attacks have become a severe threat to the confidentiality ofcomputer applications and systems. One popular type of such attacks is themicroarchitectural attack, where the adversary exploits the hardware featuresto break the protection enforced by the operating system and steal the secretsfrom the program. In this paper, we systematize microarchitectural sidechannels with a focus on attacks and defenses in cryptographic applications. Wemake three contributions. (1) We survey past research literature to categorizemicroarchitectural side-channel attacks. Since these are hardware attackstargeting software, we summarize the vulnerable implementations in software, aswell as flawed designs in hardware. (2) We identify common strategies tomitigate microarchitectural attacks, from the application, OS and hardwarelevels. (3) We conduct a large-scale evaluation on popular cryptographicapplications in the real world, and analyze the severity, practicality andimpact of side-channel vulnerabilities. This survey is expected to inspireside-channel research community to discover new attacks, and more importantly,propose new defense solutions against them.

A Survey of Microarchitectural Side-channel Vulnerabilities, Attacks and Defenses in Cryptography