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Savanna ecosystems are shaped by the frequency and intensity of regularfires. We model savannas via an ordinary differential equation (ODE) encoding aone-sided inhibitory Lotka-Volterra interaction between trees and grass. Byapplying fire as a discrete disturbance, we create an impulsive dynamicalsystem that allows us to identify the impact of variation in fire frequency andintensity. The model exhibits three different bistability regimes: betweensavanna and grassland; two savanna states; and savanna and woodland. Theimpulsive model reveals rich bifurcation structures in response to changes infire intensity and frequency -- structures that are largely invisible toanalogous ODE models with continuous fire. In addition, by using the amount ofgrass as an example of a socially-valued function of the system state, weexamine the resilience of the social value to different disturbance regimes. Wefind that large transitions ("tipping") in the valued quantity can be triggeredby small changes in disturbance regime.

Impulsive fire disturbance in a savanna model: Tree-grass coexistence states, multiple stable system states, and resilience