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This article considers a mechanism to explain the emergence and evolution ofsocial cooperation. Selfish individuals tend to benefit themselves, which makesit hard for the maintenance of cooperation between unrelated individuals. Wepropose and validate that a smart group strategy can effectively facilitate theevolution of cooperation, provided cooperators spatially align whilstcooperating at a new level of alliance. The general evolutionary modelpresented here shows that a non-kin selection effect is a possible cause forcooperation between unrelated individuals and highlights that non-kin selectionmay be a hallmark of biological evolution.

Spatial alignment, group strategy and non-kin selection enable the evolution of cooperation