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To accommodate the changes in the nature and pattern of electricityconsumption with the available resources, utility companies have introduced avariety of rate structures over the years. This paper develops a comprehensiveoptimization method that addresses the diversity of utility rate structure of acommercial building. It includes a general set of constraints that can be usedfor any system with a building load, a renewable source, and a battery energystorage system (BESS). A cost function is formulated for each type of ratestructure that can be exercised by a utility on a commercial building. A novelalgorithm is developed to apply the optimization model and generate the desiredoptimal outputs by using the appropriate cost function. The results for severalbuilding loads and rate structure types were obtained and compared. Asensitivity analysis was done on the optimization model based on the changes inthe rates using historical data. The results exhibit that adding BESS is moreeffective for buildings with lower load factor and CPP rate structures incomparison to the buildings with flat energy rates. Savings from addingrenewables such as solar is primarily influenced by energy charges whereasadditional benefits from BESS are dominated by demand charges. These resultscan help a customer with deciding on the different rate structure options andresource planning of their renewable generation and energy storage. Utilitiesmay also benefit from this work by designing a unified rate structure,considering the increasing renewable penetration and BESS deployment in thegrid.

A Comprehensive Optimization Method for Commercial Building Loads with  Renewable Generation and Energy Storage from Utility Rate Structure  Perspective