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Permissioned blockchain systems promise to provide both decentralized trustand privacy. Hyperledger Fabric is currently one of the most wide-spreadpermissioned blockchain systems and is heavily promoted both in industry andacademia. Due to its optimistic concurrency model, the transaction failurerates in Fabric can become a bottleneck. While there is active research toreduce failures, there is a lack of understanding on their root cause and,consequently, a lack of guidelines on how to configure Fabric optimally fordifferent scenarios. To close this gap, in this paper, we first introduce aformal definition of the different types of transaction failures in Fabric.Then, we develop a comprehensive testbed and benchmarking system,HyperLedgerLab, along with four different chaincodes that represent realisticuse cases and a chaincode/workload generator. Using HyperLedgerLab, we conductexhaustive experiments to analyze the impact of different parameters of Fabricsuch as block size, endorsement policies, and others, on transaction failures.We further analyze three recently proposed optimizations from the literature,Fabric++, Streamchain and FabricSharp, and evaluate under which conditions theyreduce the failure rates. Finally, based on our results, we providerecommendations for Fabric practitioners on how to configure the system andalso propose new research directions.

Why Do My Blockchain Transactions Fail? A Study of Hyperledger Fabric (Extended version)*