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Holistic understanding of multiphase reactive flow mechanisms such as CO$_2$dissolution, multiphase displacement, and snap-off events are vital foroptimisation of large-scale industrial operations like CO$_2$ sequestration,enhanced oil recovery, and geothermal energy. Recent advances inthree-dimensional (3D) printing allow for cheap and fast manufacturing ofcomplex porosity models, which enable investigation of specific flow processesin a repeatable manner as well as sensitivity analysis for small geometryalterations. However, there are concerns regarding dimensional fidelity, shapeconformity and surface quality, and therefore the printing quality and printerlimitations must be benchmarked. We present an experimental investigation intothe ability of 3D printing to generate custom-designed micromodels accuratelyand repeatably down to a minimum pore throat size of 140 micrometers, which isrepresentative of the average pore-throat size in coarse sandstones.Homogeneous and heterogeneous micromodel geometries are designed, then the 3Dprinting process is optimised to achieve repeatable experiments withsingle-phase fluid flow. Finally, Particle Image Velocimetry is used to comparethe velocity map obtained from flow experiments in 3D printed micromodels withthe map generated with direct numerical simulation (OpenFOAM software) and anaccurate match is obtained. This work indicates that 3D printed micromodels canbe used to accurately investigate pore-scale processes present in CO$_2$sequestration, enhanced oil recovery and geothermal energy applications morecheapely than traditional micromodel methods.

Benchmarking the viability of 3D printed micromodels for single phase flow using Particle Image Velocimetry and Direct Numerical Simulations