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Millimeter wave wireless spectrum deployments will allow vehicularcommunications to share high data rate vehicular sensor data in real-time. Thehighly directional nature of wireless links in millimeter spectral bands willrequire continuous channel measurements to ensure the transmitter (TX) andreceiver (RX) beams are aligned to provide the best channel. Using real-worldvehicular mmWave measurement data at 28 GHz, we determine the optimal beamsweeping period, i.e. the frequency of the channel measurements, to align theRX beams to the best channel directions for maximizing thevehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) throughput. We show that in a realisticvehicular traffic environment in Austin, TX, for a vehicle traveling at anaverage speed of 10.5 mph, a beam sweeping period of 300 ms in future V2Icommunication standards would maximize the V2I throughput, using a system offour RX phased arrays that scanned the channel 360 degrees in the azimuth and30 degrees above and below the boresight. We also investigate the impact of thenumber of active RX chains controlling the steerable phased arrays on V2Ithroughput. Reducing the number of RX chains controlling the phased arrayshelps reduce the cost of the vehicular mmWave hardware while multiple RXchains, although more expensive, provide more robustness to beam directionchanges at the vehicle, allowing near maximum throughput over a wide range ofbeam sweep periods. We show that the overhead of utilizing one RX chain insteadof four leads to a 10% drop in mean V2I throughput over six non-line-of-sightruns in real traffic conditions, with each run being 10 to 20 seconds long overa distance of 40 to 90 meters.

Performance Impact Analysis of Beam Switching in Millimeter Wave Vehicular Communications