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High Altitude Platform Station (HAPS) has the potential to provide globalwireless connectivity and data services such as high-speed wireless backhaul,industrial Internet of things (IoT), and public safety for large areas notserved by terrestrial networks. A unified HAPS design is desired to supportvarious use cases and a wide range of requirements. In this paper, we presenttwo architecture designs of the HAPS system: i) repeater based HAPS, and ii)base station based HAPS, which are both viable technical solutions. The energyefficiency is analyzed and compared between the two architectures usingconsumption factor theory. The system performance of these two architectures isevaluated through Monte Carlo simulations and is characterized in metrics ofspectral efficiency using LTE band 1 for both single-cell and multi-cell cases.Both designs can provide good downlink spectral efficiency and coverage, whilethe uplink coverage is significantly limited by UE transmit power and antennagain. Using directional antennas at the UEs can improve the system performancefor both downlink and uplink.

High Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS): Architecture and System Performance