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Science is built on the scholarly consensus that shifts with time. Thisraises the question of how new and revolutionary ideas are evaluated and becomeaccepted into the canon of science. Using two recently proposed metrics, weidentify papers with high atypicality, which models how research draws uponnovel combinations of prior research, and evaluate disruption, which capturesthe degree to which a study creates a new direction by eclipsing itsintellectual forebears. Atypical papers are nearly two times more likely todisrupt science than conventional papers, but this is a slow process taking tenyears or longer for disruption scores to converge. We provide the firstcomputational model reformulating atypicality as the distance across latentknowledge spaces learned by neural networks. The evolution of this knowledgespace characterizes how yesterday's novelty forms today's scientificconventions, which condition the novelty--and surprise--of tomorrow'sbreakthroughs.

New Directions in Science Emerge from Disconnection and Discord