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Residential loads, especially heating, ventilation, and air conditioners(HVACs) and electric vehicles (EVs) have great potentials to provide demandflexibility which is an attribute of Grid-interactive Efficient Buildings(GEB). Under this new paradigm, first, EV and HVAC aggregator models aredeveloped in this paper to represent the fleet of GEBs, in which the aggregatedparameters are obtained based on a new approach of data generation andleast-squares parameter estimation (DG-LSPE), which can deal with heterogenousHVACs. Then, a tri-level bidding and dispatching framework is established basedon competitive distribution operation with distribution locational marginalprice (DLMP). The first two levels form a bilevel model to optimize theaggregators payment and to represent the interdependency between loadaggregators and the distribution system operator (DSO) using DLMP, while thethird level is to dispatch the optimal load aggregation to all residents by theproposed priority list-based demand dispatching algorithm. Finally, casestudies on a modified IEEE 33-Bus system illustrate three main technicalreasons for payment reduction due to demand flexibility: load shift, DLMP stepchanges, and power losses. They can be used as general guidelines for betterdecision-making for future planning and operation of demand response programs.

Trilevel Scheduling Model Considering Residential Demand Flexibility of Aggregated HVACs and EVs under Distribution LMP