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Geothermal heat, as renewable energy, shows great advantage with respect toits environmental impact due to its significantly lower CO2 emissions thanconventional fossil fuel. Open and closed-loop geothermal heat pumps, whichutilize shallow geothermal systems, are an efficient technology for cooling andheating buildings, especially in urban areas. Integrated use of geothermalenergy technologies for district heating, cooling, and thermal energy storagecan be applied to optimize the subsurface for communities to provide them withmultiple sustainable energy and community resilience benefits. The utilizationof the subsurface resources may lead to a variation in the undergroundenvironment, which might further impact local environmental conditions.However, very few simulators can handle such a highly complex set of coupledcomputations on a regional or city scale. We have developed high-performancecomputing (HPC) based hydrothermal finite element (FE) simulator that cansimulate the subsurface and its hydrothermal conditions at a scale of tens ofkm. The HPC simulator enables us to investigate the subsurface thermal andhydrologic response to the built underground environment (such as basements andsubways) at the community scale. In this study, a coupled hydrothermalsimulator is developed based on the open-source finite element library deal.II.The HPC simulator was validated by comparing the results of a benchmark casestudy against COMSOL Multiphysics, in which Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage(ATES) is modeled and a process of heat injection into ATES is simulated. Theuse of an energy pile system at the Treasure Island redevelopment site (SanFrancisco, CA, USA) was selected as a case study to demonstrate the HPCcapability of the developed simulator. The simulator is capable of modelingmultiple city-scale geothermal scenarios in a reasonable amount of time.

An HPC-Based Hydrothermal Finite Element Simulator for Modeling Underground Response to Community-Scale Geothermal Energy Production