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Sharding is the prevalent approach to breaking the trilemma of simultaneouslyachieving decentralization, security, and scalability in traditional blockchainsystems, which are implemented as replicated state machines relying on atomicbroadcast for consensus on an immutable chain of valid transactions. Shardingis to be understood broadly as techniques for dynamically partitioning nodes ina blockchain system into subsets (shards) that perform storage, communication,and computation tasks without fine-grained synchronization with each other.Despite much recent research on sharding blockchains, much remains to beexplored in the design space of these systems. Towards that aim, we conduct asystematic analysis of existing sharding blockchain systems and derive aconceptual decomposition of their architecture into functional components andthe underlying assumptions about system models and attackers they are built on.The functional components identified are node selection, epoch randomness, nodeassignment, intra-shard consensus, cross-shard transaction processing, shardreconfiguration, and motivation mechanism. We describe interfaces,functionality, and properties of each component and show how they compose intoa sharding blockchain system. For each component, we systematically reviewexisting approaches, identify potential and open problems, and propose futureresearch directions. We focus on potential security attacks and performanceproblems, including system throughput and latency concerns such as confirmationdelays. We believe our modular architectural decomposition and in-depthanalysis of each component, based on a comprehensive literature study, providesa systematic basis for conceptualizing state-of-the-art sharding blockchainsystems, proving or improving security and performance properties ofcomponents, and developing new sharding blockchain system designs.

Building Blocks of Sharding Blockchain Systems: Concepts, Approaches, and Open Problems