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Graphene flakes were produced by nanosecond plasma discharge at atmosphericpressure between an electrode and the surface of distilled water, in which wereplaced graphite flakes. The discharge ionizes the gas and forms free radicalson the surface of the water, functionalizing the graphite flakes in solution.The plasma also gives enough energy to break the Van der Waals bonds betweenthe graphene layers but not enough to break the covalent C-C bonds within thelayers. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the hexagonal structure ofgraphene sheets, and showed that they were monocrystalline. No contaminationwas found in the obtained nanomaterial. An unknown phenomenon has been found inthe activated distilled water, making its electrical conductivity decrease withan increasing temperature. An acidification of the water is observed. The gasin which the discharge takes place plays a major role on the process, noexfoliation is observed if plasmogen argon gas is used.

Study of the exfoliation and functionalization of graphene from graphite flakes with plasma discharge in solution