English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Rowhammer attacks that corrupt level-1 page tables to gain kernel privilegeare the most detrimental to system security and hard to mitigate. However,recently proposed software-only mitigations are not effective against suchkernel privilege escalation attacks. In this paper, we propose an effective andpractical software-only defense, called SoftTRR, to protect page tables fromall existing rowhammer attacks on x86. The key idea of SoftTRR is to refreshthe rows occupied by page tables when a suspicious rowhammer activity isdetected. SoftTRR is motivated by DRAM-chip-based target row refresh (ChipTRR)but eliminates its main security limitation (i.e., ChipTRR tracks a limitednumber of rows and thus can be bypassed by many-sided hammer). Specifically,SoftTRR protects an unlimited number of page tables by tracking memory accessesto the rows that are in close proximity to page-table rows and refreshing thepage-table rows once the tracked access count exceeds a pre-defined threshold.We implement a prototype of SoftTRR as a loadable kernel module, and evaluateits security effectiveness, performance overhead, and memory consumption. Theexperimental results show that SoftTRR protects page tables from real-worldrowhammer attacks and incurs small performance overhead as well as memory cost.

SoftTRR: Protect Page Tables Against RowHammer Attacks using Software-only Target Row Refresh