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Periodic water waves generate Stokes drift as manifest from the orbits ofLagrangian particles not fully closing. Stokes drift can contribute to thetransport of floating marine litter, including plastic. Previously, marinelitter objects have been considered to be perfect Lagrangian tracers,travelling with the Stokes drift of the waves. However, floating marine litterobjects have large ranges of sizes and densities, which potentially result indifferent rates of transport by waves due to the non-Lagrangian behaviour ofthe objects. Through a combination of theory and experiments for idealisedspherical objects in deep-water waves, we show that different objects aretransported at different rates depending on their size and density, and thatlarger buoyant objects can have increased drift compared with Lagrangiantracers. We show that the mechanism for the increased drift observed in ourexperiments comprises the variable submergence and the corresponding dynamicbuoyancy force components in a direction perpendicular to the local watersurface. This leads to an amplification of the drift of these objects comparedto the Stokes drift when averaged over the wave cycle. Using an expansion inwave steepness, we derive a closed-form approximation for this increased drift,which can be included in ocean-scale models of marine litter transport.

The increased wave-induced drift of floating marine litter: A mechanism for the increased wave-induced drift of floating marine litter