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Modern programming follows the continuous integration (CI) and continuousdeployment (CD) approach rather than the traditional waterfall model. Even thedevelopment of modern programming languages uses the CI/CD approach to swiftlyprovide new language features and to adapt to new development environments.Unlike in the conventional approach, in the modern CI/CD approach, a languagespecification is no more the oracle of the language semantics because both thespecification and its implementations can co-evolve. In this setting, both thespecification and implementations may have bugs, and guaranteeing theircorrectness is non-trivial.  In this paper, we propose a novel N+1-version differential testing to resolvethe problem. Unlike the traditional differential testing, our approach consistsof three steps: 1) to automatically synthesize programs guided by the syntaxand semantics from a given language specification, 2) to generate conformancetests by injecting assertions to the synthesized programs to check their finalprogram states, 3) to detect bugs in the specification and implementations viaexecuting the conformance tests on multiple implementations, and 4) to localizebugs on the specification using statistical information. We actualize ourapproach for the JavaScript programming language via JEST, which performsN+1-version differential testing for modern JavaScript engines and ECMAScript,the language specification describing the syntax and semantics of JavaScript ina natural language. We evaluated JEST with four JavaScript engines that supportall modern JavaScript language features and the latest version of ECMAScript(ES11, 2020). JEST automatically synthesized 1,700 programs that covered 97.78%of syntax and 87.70% of semantics from ES11. Using the assertion-injection, itdetected 44 engine bugs in four engines and 27 specification bugs in ES11.

JEST: N+1-version Differential Testing of Both JavaScript Engines and Specification