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Continuous integration (CI) is a widely used practice in modern softwareengineering. Unfortunately, it is also an expensive practice - Google andMozilla estimate their CI systems in millions of dollars. There are a number oftechniques and tools designed to or having the potential to save the cost of CIor expand its benefit - reducing time to feedback. However, their benefits insome dimensions may also result in drawbacks in others. They may also bebeneficial in other scenarios where they are not designed to help. In thispaper, we perform the first exhaustive comparison of techniques to improve CI,evaluating 14 variants of 10 techniques using selection and prioritizationstrategies on build and test granularity. We evaluate their strengths andweaknesses with 10 different cost and time-tofeedback saving metrics on 100real-world projects. We analyze the results of all techniques to understand thedesign decisions that helped different dimensions of benefit. We alsosynthesized those results to lay out a series of recommendations for thedevelopment of future research techniques to advance this area.

What helped, and what did not? An Evaluation of the Strategies to Improve Continuous Integration