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The incorporation of impurities during the chemical synthesis ofnanomaterials is usually uncontrolled and rarely reported because of theformidable challenge that constitutes measuring trace amounts of often lightelements with sub nanometre spatial resolution. Yet these foreign elementsinfluence functional properties, by e.g. doping. Here we demonstrate how thesynthesis and partial reduction reaction on hollow TiO2 nanowires leads to theintroduction of parts-per-millions of boron, sodium, and nitrogen from thereduction reaction with sodium borohydride at the surface of the TiO2 nanowire.This doping explains the presence of oxygen vacancies at the surface thatenhance the activity. Our results obtained on model metal-oxide nanomaterialsshed light on the general process leading to the uncontrolled incorporation oftrace impurities that can have a dramatic effect on their potential use inenergy-harvesting applications.

Atomic scale mapping of impurities in partially reduced hollow TiO2 nanowires