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With the growth of open access (OA), the financial flows in scholarly journalpublishing have become increasingly complex, but comprehensive data andtransparency into these flows are still lacking. The opaqueness is especiallyconcerning for hybrid OA, where subscription-based journals publish individualarticles as OA if an optional fee is paid. This study addresses the lack oftransparency by leveraging Elsevier article metadata and provides the firstpublisher-level study of hybrid OA uptake and invoicing. Our results show thatElsevier's hybrid OA uptake has grown steadily but slowly from 2015-2019,doubling the number of hybrid OA articles published per year and increasing theshare of OA articles in Elsevier's hybrid journals from 2.6% to 3.7% of allarticles. Further, we find that most hybrid OA articles were invoiced directlyto authors, followed by articles invoiced through agreements with researchfunders, institutions, or consortia, with only a few funding bodies drivinghybrid OA uptake. As such, our findings point to the role of publishingagreements and OA policies in hybrid OA publishing. Our results furtherdemonstrate the value of publisher-provided metadata to improve thetransparency in scholarly publishing by linking invoicing data tobibliometrics.

Transparency to hybrid open access through publisher-provided metadata: An article-level study of Elsevier