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Mobility is severely impacted in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD),especially when they experience involuntary stopping from the freezing of gait(FOG). Understanding the neurophysiological difference between "voluntarystopping" and "involuntary stopping" caused by FOG is vital for the detectionand potential intervention of FOG in the daily lives of patients. This studycharacterised the electroencephalographic (EEG) signature associated with FOGin contrast to voluntary stopping. The protocol consisted of a timed up-and-go(TUG) task and an additional TUG task with a voluntary stopping component,where participants reacted to verbal "stop" and "walk" instructions byvoluntarily stopping or walking. Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP)analysis was used to study the dynamics of the EEG spectra induced by differentwalking phases, which included normal walking, voluntary stopping and episodesof involuntary stopping (FOG), as well as the transition windows between normalwalking and voluntary stopping or FOG. These results demonstrate for the firsttime that the EEG signal during the transition from walking to voluntarystopping is distinguishable from that of the transition to involuntary stoppingcaused by FOG. The EEG signature of voluntary stopping exhibits a significantlydecreased power spectrum compared to that of FOG episodes, with distinctlydifferent patterns in the delta and low-beta power in the central area. Thesefindings suggest the possibility of a practical EEG-based treatment strategythat can accurately predict FOG episodes, excluding the potential confound ofvoluntary stopping.

Identification of EEG Dynamics During Freezing of Gait and Voluntary Stopping in Patients with Parkinson's Disease