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How do adults understand children's speech? Children's productions over thecourse of language development often bear little resemblance to typical adultpronunciations, yet caregivers nonetheless reliably recover meaning from them.Here, we employ a suite of Bayesian models of spoken word recognition tounderstand how adults overcome the noisiness of child language, showing thatcommunicative success between children and adults relies heavily on adultinferential processes. By evaluating competing models on phonetically-annotatedcorpora, we show that adults' recovered meanings are best predicted by priorexpectations fitted specifically to the child language environment, rather thanto typical adult-adult language. After quantifying the contribution of this"child-directed listening" over developmental time, we discuss the consequencesfor theories of language acquisition, as well as the implications forcommonly-used methods for assessing children's linguistic proficiency.

Child-directed Listening: How Caregiver Inference Enables Children's Early Verbal Communication