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Exciton-polaritons are quasi-particles arising from the strong couplingregime between excitons and photons. In planar microcavitites, phenomena suchas superfluidity or Bose-Einstein condensation can be observed. Those systemshave demonstrated to be very efficient in the hydrodynamic generation oftopological excitations, such as vortex-antivortex pairs or dark solitons.However, the lifetime and motion of those excitations were limited by thedriven dissipative nature of the system. In this thesis, we present a richvariety of results about the generation and control of such topologicalexcitations. Taking advantage of the optical bistability present in our system,we were able to greatly enhanced the propagation length of vortices andsolitons generated in the wake of a structural defect, revealing in the meantime an unexpected binding mechanism of the solitons which propagate parallel.This behaviour was recovered in a specifically designed experiment, where weartificially imprint dark soliton pairs on demand on a polariton superfluid.The adaptability of our technique allowed for a detailed study of thisphenomenon, that we directly connected to the driven-dissipative nature of oursystem. Finally, confined dark solitons were generated within guided intensitychannels on a static polariton fluid. The absence of flow lead to thedevelopment of transverse snake instabilities of which we studied theinteresting properties.

Generation, propagation and control of quantized vortices and dark solitons in polariton superfluids