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Machines, from artificially intelligent digital assistants to embodiedrobots, are becoming more pervasive in everyday life. Drawing on feministscience and technology studies (STS) perspectives, we demonstrate how machinedesigners are not just crafting neutral objects, but relationships betweenmachines and humans that are entangled in human social issues such as genderand power dynamics. Thus, in order to create a more ethical and just future,the dominant assumptions currently underpinning the design of thesehuman-machine relations must be challenged and reoriented toward relations ofjustice and inclusivity. This paper contributes the "social machine" as a modelfor technology designers who seek to recognize the importance, diversity andcomplexity of the social in their work, and to engage with the agential powerof machines. In our model, the social machine is imagined as a potentiallyequitable relationship partner that has agency and as an "other" that isdistinct from, yet related to, humans, objects, and animals. We criticallyexamine and contrast our model with tendencies in robotics that consider robotsas tools, human companions, animals or creatures, and/or slaves. In doing so,we demonstrate ingrained dominant assumptions about human-machine relations andreveal the challenges of radical thinking in the social machine design space.Finally, we present two design challenges based on non-anthropomorphicfiguration and mutuality, and call for experimentation, unlearning dominanttendencies, and reimagining of sociotechnical futures.

Beyond the Command: Feminist STS Research and Critical Issues for the Design of Social Machines