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Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is an enabling Internet-of-Things (IoT)technology that supports long-range, low-power, and low-cost connectivity tonumerous devices. To avoid the crowd in the limited ISM band (where most LPWANsoperate) and cost of licensed band, the recently proposed SNOW (Sensor Networkover White Spaces) is a promising LPWAN platform that operates over the TVwhite spaces. As it is a very recent technology and is still in its infancy,the current SNOW implementation uses the USRP devices as LPWAN nodes, which hashigh costs (~$750 USD per device) and large form-factors, hindering itsapplicability in practical deployment. In this paper, we implement SNOW usinglow-cost, low form-factor, low-power, and widely available commercialoff-the-shelf (COTS) devices to enable its practical and large-scaledeployment. Our choice of the COTS device (TI CC13x0: CC1310 or CC1350)consequently brings down the cost and form-factor of a SNOW node by 25x and10x, respectively. Such implementation of SNOW on the CC13x0 devices, however,faces a number of challenges to enable link reliability and communicationrange. Our implementation addresses these challenges by handlingpeak-to-average power ratio problem, channel state information estimation,carrier frequency offset estimation, and near-far power problem. Our deploymentin the city of Detroit, Michigan demonstrates that CC13x0-based SNOW canachieve uplink and downlink throughputs of 11.2kbps and 4.8kbps per node,respectively, over a distance of 1km. Also, the overall throughput in theuplink increases linearly with the increase in the number of SNOW nodes.

LPWAN in the TV White Spaces: A Practical Implementation and Deployment Experiences