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The problems caused by the gap between system- and software-levelarchitecting practices, especially in the context of Systems of Systems wherethe two disciplines inexorably meet, is a well known issue with adisappointingly low amount of works in the literature dedicated to it. At thesame time, organizations working on Systems of Systems have been developingsolutions for closing this gap for many years now. This work aims to extractsuch knowledge from practitioners by studying the case of a large-scalescientific instrument, a geographically distributed radio telescope to be morespecific, developed as a sequence of projects during the last two decades. Asthe means for collecting data for this study we combine online interviews witha virtual focus group of practitioners from the organization responsible forbuilding the instrument. Through this process, we identify persisting problemsand the best practices that have been developed to deal with them, togetherwith the perceived benefits and drawbacks of applying the latter in practice.Some of our major findings include the need to avoid over-reliance on theflexibility of software to compensate for incomplete requirements, hiddenassumptions, as well as late involvement of system architecting, and tofacilitate the cooperation between the involved disciplines through dedicatedarchitecting roles and the adoption of unifying practices and standards.

System- and Software-level Architecting Harmonization Practices for  Systems-of-Systems -- An exploratory case study on a long-running large-scale  scientific instrument