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Remote sensing for archaeological investigations using surface response isreasonably well established, however, remote subsurface exploration is limitedby depth and penetration and ground resolution. Furthermore, the conservationof archaeological sites requires constant monitoring capability, which is oftennot feasible between annual field seasons, but may be provided by modernsatellite coverage. Here we develop an approach using Sentinel-1 C-band radarbackscatter, and Sentinel-2 multispectral data, to map and characterise thesite of Qubbet el-Hawa, Egypt. The multispectral bands analysed show similarsensitivity to satellite imagery. However, the radar backscatter is sensitiveto exposed known structures, as well as disturbances to soiltextural/composition profile due to excavation/erosion. Sub-resolution featuressuch as causeways manifest as a 'radar-break' in the backscatter - adiscontinuity in otherwise continuous radar units. Furthermore, the finitesubsurface response in the backscatter under the arid conditions of the sitemeans we are able to delineate some shallow subsurface structures and map theirorientation beneath the surface in areas not yet excavated. The sensitivity ofSentinel-1 backscatter to soil disturbance and human activity at Qubbetel-Hawa, and the short (~12 day) recurrence time of the satellites, makes it animportant tool in heritage conservation.

An assessment of Sentinel-1 radar and Sentinel-2 multispectral data for remote archaeological investigation and preservation: Qubbet el-Hawa, Egypt