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On 13 May 1787, a convict fleet of 11 ships left Portsmouth, England, on a24,000 km, 8-month-long voyage to New South Wales. The voyage would take the"First Fleet" under Captain Arthur Phillip via Tenerife (Canary Islands), theport of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Table Bay at the southern extremity of theAfrican continent and the southernmost cape of present-day Tasmania to theirdestination of Botany Bay. Given the navigation tools available at the time andthe small size of the convoy's ships, their safe arrival within a few days ofeach other was a phenomenal achievement. This was particularly so, because theyhad not lost a single ship and only a relatively small number of crew andconvicts. Phillip and his crew had only been able to ensure their successbecause of the presence of crew members who were highly proficient in practicalastronomy, most notably Lieutenant William Dawes. We explore in detail hiseducational background and the events leading up to Dawes' appointment by theBoard of Longitude as the convoy's dedicated astronomer-cum-Marine. In additionto Dawes, John Hunter, second captain of the convoy's flagship H.M.S. Sirius,Lieutenant William Bradley and Lieutenant Philip Gidley King were also expertsin navigation and longitude determination, using both chronometers and "lunardistance" measurements. The historical record of the First Fleet's voyage isremarkably accurate, even by today's standards.

William Dawes: Practical Astronomy on the "First Fleet" from England to Australia