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Optical metasurfaces are planar arrangements of subwavelength meta-atoms thatimplement a wide range of transformations on incident light. The design ofefficient metasurfaces requires that the responses of and interactions amongmeta-atoms are accurately modeled. Conventionally, each meta-atom's response isapproximated by that of a meta-atom located in a periodic array. Although thisapproximation is accurate for metastructures with slowly varying meta-atoms, itdoes not accurately model the complex interactions among meta-atoms in morerapidly varying metasurfaces. Optimization-based design techniques that rely onfull-wave simulations mitigate this problem but thus far have been mostlyapplied to topology optimization of small metasurfaces. Here, we describe anadjoint-optimization-based design technique that uses parameterized meta-atoms.Our technique has a lower computational cost than topology optimizationapproaches, enabling the design of large-scale metasurfaces that can be readilyfabricated. As proof of concept, we present the design and experimentaldemonstration of high numerical aperture metalenses with significantly higherefficiencies than their conventionally-designed counterparts.

Large-scale parameterized metasurface design using adjoint optimization