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Throughout the evolution of biological species on Earth, cells and organshave developed many complex structures and processes to ensure theirinteractions with individual chemical molecules (small and macromolecular) andnanoscale objects result in no harm. These evolutionary mechanisms complicateour attempts to use modern nanoscale science to develop effective and efficienttreatments for disease or other biological dysfunctions. Here we describe thecomplexity of biology on the nanoscale and the implications for the success ofrecently-discovered nanoscience, which has resulted in an almost infinitenumber of potential nanomaterials of unknown efficacy. We discuss how tools tocategorize nanomaterials on the basis of structure, properties and interactionscan provide insights on promising directions.

The Nature of Complexity in the Biology of the Engineered Nanoscale Using Categorization as a Tool for Intelligent Development