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In this paper, we study the waveform and passive beamforming design forintelligent reflecting surface (IRS)-aided wireless power transfer (WPT).Generalized multi-user and low complexity single-user algorithms are derivedbased on alternating optimization (AO) framework to maximize the weighted sumoutput DC current, subject to transmit power constraints and passivebeamforming phases unit modulus constraints. The input signal waveform and IRSpassive beamforming phase shifts are jointly designed as a function of users'individual frequency-selective channel state information (CSI). The energyharvester nonlinearity is explored and two IRS deployment schemes, namelyfrequency selective IRS (FS-IRS) and frequency flat IRS (FF-IRS), are modeledand analyzed. This paper highlights the fact that IRS can provide an extrapassive beamforming gain on output DC power over conventional WPT designs andsignificantly influence the waveform design by leveraging the benefit ofpassive beamforming, frequency diversity and energy harvester nonlinearity.Even though FF-IRS exhibits lower output DC current than FS-IRS, it stillachieves substantially increased DC power over conventional WPT designs.Performance evaluations confirm the significant benefits of a joint waveformand passive beamforming design accounting for the energy harvester nonlinearityto boost the performance of single-user and multi-user WPT system.

Waveform and Beamforming Design for Intelligent Reflecting Surface Aided Wireless Power Transfer: Single-User and Multi-User Solutions