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Geochronology, or determination of absolute ages for geologic events,underpins many inquiries into the formation and evolution of planets and ourSolar System. Absolute ages of ancient and recent magmatic products providestrong constraints on the dynamics of magma oceans and crustal formation, aswell as the longevity and evolution of interior heat engines and distinctmantle/crustal source regions. Absolute dating also relates habitabilitymarkers to the timescale of evolution of life on Earth. However, the number ofgeochronologically-significant terrains across the inner Solar System farexceeds our ability to conduct sample return from all of them. In preparationfor the upcoming Decadal Survey, our team formulated a set of medium-class (NewFrontiers) mission concepts to three different locations (the Moon, Mars, andVesta) where sites that record Solar System bombardment, magmatism, and/orhabitability are uniquely preserved and accessible. We developed a notionalpayload to directly date planetary surfaces, consisting of two instrumentscapable of measuring radiometric ages in situ, an imaging spectrometer, opticalcameras to provide site geologic context and sample characterization, a traceelement analyzer to augment sample contextualization, and a sample acquisitionand handling system. Landers carrying this payload to the Moon, Mars, and Vestawould likely fit into the New Frontiers cost cap in our study (~$1B). A missionof this type would provide crucial constraints on planetary history while alsoenabling a broad suite of investigations such as basic geologiccharacterization, geomorphologic analysis, ground truth for remote sensinganalyses, analyses of major, minor, trace, and volatile elements, atmosphericand other long-lived monitoring, organic molecule analyses, and soil andgeotechnical properties.

In Situ Geochronology for the Next Decade: Mission Designs for the Moon, Mars, and Vesta