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Period-doubling bifurcation is a universal dynamic of nonlinear systems,which has been extensively investigated in laser systems with a singletransverse mode. This study presents an experimental observation andtheoretical investigation of the period-doubling bifurcation in spatiotemporalmode-locked (STML) multimode fiber lasers. In the period-doubling state, it isobserved that the pulse train modulation varies with the transverse-mode, andthe output beam profile fluctuates rapidly and periodically. The numericalsimulations conducted in this study are in good agreement with the experimentalobservations. Furthermore, a simple iterative model is proposed by consideringthe mode-dependent saturable absorption effect, and the experimental resultscan be qualitatively interpreted by this model. Based on these results,spatiotemporal saturable absorption is believed to be the key factor for theunique spatiotemporal characteristic of period-doubling bifurcation inmultimode lasers. This study contributes to the understanding of the complexspatiotemporal dynamics in STML multimode lasers and to the discovery of noveldynamics in high-dimensional nonlinear systems.

Period-doubling bifurcation in spatiotemporal mode-locked lasers