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In this paper, we explore perpetual, scalable, Low-powered Wide-area networks(LPWA). Specifically we focus on the uplink transmissions of non-orthogonalmultiple access (NOMA)-based LPWA networks consisting of multiple self-powerednodes and a NOMA-based single gateway. The self-powered LPWA nodes use the"harvest-then-transmit" protocol where they harvest energy from ambient sources(solar and radio frequency signals), then transmit their signals. The mainfeatures of the studied LPWA network are different transmission times-on-air,multiple uplink transmission attempts, and duty cycle restrictions. The aim ofthis work is to maximize the time-averaged sum of the uplink transmission ratesby optimizing the transmission time-on-air allocation, the energy harvestingtime allocation and the power allocation; subject to a maximum transmit powerand to the availability of the harvested energy. We propose a low complexsolution which decouples the optimization problem into three sub-problems: weassign the LPWA node transmission times (using either the fair or unfairapproaches), we optimize the energy harvesting (EH) times using aone-dimensional search method, and optimize the transmit powers using aconcave-convex (CCCP) procedure. In the simulation results, we focus on LongRange (LoRa) networks as a practical example LPWA network. We validate ourproposed solution and we observe a $15\%$ performance improvement when usingNOMA.

Resource Allocation for NOMA-based LPWA Networks Powered by Energy Harvesting