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Unlike the lockdown measures taken in some countries or cities, the Japanesegovernment declared a "State of Emergency" (SOE) under which people were onlyrequested to reduce their contact with other people by at least 70 %, whilesome local governments also implemented their own mobility-reduction measuresthat had no legal basis. The effects of these measures are still unclear. Thus,in this study, we investigate changes in travel patterns in response to theCOVID-19 outbreak and related policy measures in Japan using longitudinalaggregated mobile phone data. Specifically, we consider daily travel patternsas networks and analyze their structural changes by applying a framework foranalyzing temporal networks used in network science. The cluster analysis withthe network similarity measures across different dates showed that there aresix main types of mobility patterns in the three major metropolitan areas ofJapan: (I) weekends and holidays prior to the COVID-19 outbreak, (II) weekdaysprior to the COVID-19 outbreak, (III) weekends and holidays before and afterthe SOE, (IV) weekdays before and after the SOE, (V) weekends and holidaysduring the SOE, and (VI) weekdays during the SOE. It was also found that travelpatterns might have started to change from March 2020, when most schools wereclosed, and that the mobility patterns after the SOE returned to those prior tothe SOE. Interestingly, we found that after the lifting of the SOE, travelpatterns remained similar to those during the SOE for a few days, suggestingthe possibility that self-restraint continued after the lifting of the SOE.Moreover, in the case of the Nagoya metropolitan area, we found that peoplevoluntarily changed their travel patterns when the number of cases increased.

Understanding Changes in Travel Patterns during the COVID-19 Outbreak in the Three Major Metropolitan Areas of Japan